1200 – 1220 The height of the Turkish Khwarazm shahs. Their empire includes Turkestan and Persia.
1200 18 Saladin’s brother al Malik alAdil sultan of Egypt and Syria.
1200 Islam takes roots in Indonesia. Alauddin Muhammed becomes the Shah of Khwarazm.The Crusaders capture Valencia.
1200 Morocco’s Muslim government grants special privileges to Jews in order to encourage trade and education.
1200 the sufist Ibn Arabi preaches pantheism (only god exists)
1200 -20The Empire of the Khwarazm Shah ‘Ala’ alDin Muhammad is at its height. He restores the Iranian monarchy, but disputes the authority of the caliph al Nasir.
1200 Islam takes roots in Indonesia..The Crusaders capture Valencia.
.
1200 the Suhrawardi Sufis Shaikh Baha ud-Din Zakariya (1182-12678) of Multan introduces the Suhrawardi Sufi order, which becomes popular in what is now Pakistan
1201 al-Tusi, Nasir
1201 – 02 Plague in Egypt leads to a sharp decline in the population.
1201 -1274 Nasir al-Din al-Tusi Persian astronomer, mathematician and astrologer who worked at the Maragha Observatory. He introduced the ‘Tusi couple’, allowing Islamic scholars to greatly improve ptolomeic models of planetary motion.
1201 The Latin Crusaders sack Zara, a Christian city on the Adriatic.
1202 Famine hits Egypt. Egypt will not recover until 1204.The Fourth Crusade begins. Crusaders organize themselves and agree to meet in Venice. When they are unable to pay for transport, they agree to conquer outlying territories on the behalf of the Byzantine emperor.
1202 ash-Shaykh Abu Ja‘far, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Idris b. Ḥusayn b. Qāsim b. ʿĪsā al-Ḥillī al-ʿIjlī (5431148 – 5981202) Shi‘ah jurist.
1202 Death of theGhuridSultanGhias ud Din; accession of Mahmudof Ghurid.
1202 -04Fourth Crusade leads to the establishment of a Latin emperorship in Constantinople.
1202 Bakhtiar Khilji conquers large parts of Bengal. Death of the Ghurid Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad; accession of Mu’izz al-Din.
1202 The Delhi Sultanate is established.
1203 Death of Nizami, well known Farsi poet.
1203 -27 Temujin known as Genghiz Khan after 1206 establishes the Mongol empire in Chinese Central Asia.
1204 Shahab ud Din Ghuri defeated by the Ghuzz Turks.
1204 Conquest of Constantinople by the Crusaders. The JewishArab physician, philosopher and religious teacher Maimonides from Cordoba dies in Fustat near Cairo.
1204 Crusaders, irritated at treatment of the Byzantine government, capture and sack Constantinople, destroying priceless artifacts and stealing relics. They establish a Latin ruler.
1204 The Crusaders take Constantinople. Sack of the city.
1204 Death of Maimonides, a great Jewish philosopher, jurist and physician. He lived most of his life in Islamic Spain and wrote in both Arabic and Hebrew. His writing marks the zenith of the Judeo-Arabic tradition.
1204 Shahab ud Din Ghuri defeated by the Ghuzz Turks.
1204 The Crusaders, led by Dondolo of Venice, sack Constantinople and loot its treasures.Johan Shah, ruler of Sumatra, accepts Islam.
1205 The Turkoman Kara Kitai defeats Mohammed Ghori.
1206 Temujin declared “Emperor within the Seas,” the Khan of Khans among the steppes tribes. He unites Mongola and takes the title “Genghis Khan.”
1206 Former slave, Qutb-ud-din Aybek, captures India from the Ghorids and establishes the Slave Dynasty of the Sultanate of Delhi. Genghis Khan becomes the leader of the united Mongol tribes at an assembly in Qaraqorum.
1206 Temujin is acknowledged as supreme chief of the Mongols and receives the title Genghiz (Chingizl Khan.
1206 -10 Qutb alDin Aybak, general of the Ghurid Mu’izz alDin, establishes the sultanate of Delhi. (“Slavekings”, until 1290).
1206 Death of Shahab ud Din Ghuri. Qutbu l-Din Aibak crowned king in Lahore. Tibetan Expedition of Islamic Bengal.
1206 Genghiz Khan becomes the supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes.The assassins murder Muhammed Ghori.The Delhi sultans advance towards Bengal.
1206 Temujin is acknowledged as supreme chief of the Mongols and receives the title Genghiz (Chingizl Khan.
1208 Venice accords Sultan al’Adil of Egypt trading privileges. Venice and the Ayyubids of Aleppo establish joint trading rights.
1209 Death of the theologian Fakhr alDin al-Razi, defender of theSunna and of the methods of alAsh’ar in Herat. Death of the Persian poet Nizami of Ganja, important author verse romances.
1210 -36– Iltutmish Qutb ud-Din Aibak dies, and Iltutmish takes power. When his governor in Bengal rebels (1213), he puts down the rebellion (1227) and obtains formal recognition by the ‘Abbasid Caliph. He patronizes Khvajah Qutb ud-Din Bakhtyar Kaki (d.1237) of the Chishti order, and other Sufis. He seeks to balance the power of the “Turks” and “Tajiks” among his nobles. He also promotes the career of his promising daughter, Raziyya.
1210 -36Iltutmish Qutb ud-Din Aibak dies, and Iltutmish takes power. When his governor in Bengal rebels (1213), he puts down the rebellion (1227) and obtains formal recognition by the ‘Abbasid Caliph. He patronizes Khvajah Qutb ud-Din Bakhtyar Kaki (d.1237) of the Chishti order, and other Sufis. He seeks to balance the power of the “Turks” and “Tajiks” among his nobles. He also promotes the career of his promising daughter, Raziyya.
1210 Assassination of the Ghurid Sultan MahmUd, accession of Sam. Death of Qutb ud Din Aibak, accession of Aram Shah in India.
1211 Altumish ascends the throne of Delhi.
1211 End of theGhuridrule, their territories annexed by theKhawarzamShahs. In IndiaAram Shahoverthrown byIltutmish.
1212 Battle of AI Uqab in Spain, end of the AI Mohad rule in Spain. The AI Mohads suffer defeat by the Christians in Spain at the Al-Uqba. The AI Mohad Sultan An Nasir escapes to Morocco where he dies soon after. Accession of his son Yusuf who takes over title of AI Mustansir.
1212 In early spring, 10,000 German children and later in June 20,000 French set off on the Children’s Crusade. Their leader, a fourteen-year-old shepherd boy named Stephen from Cloyes-sur-le-Loire, France, has vision of Christ and delivers a letter to the King of France. Stephen confronts the pope and chastises him for his lack of action in rescuing the Holy Land. The chagrined pope grants him permission. The horde of children set off for Palestine, expecting the Mediterranean Sea to part for them as the Red Sea did for Moses in Christian belief. When this miracle fails to happen, they are “generously” given free passage across the ocean–but the sailors take them captive and sell thousands of them into slavery in Muslim slave markets of northern Africa, leading to an ignominous end to the Children’s Crusade.Alfonso VIII of Castile expanded the Reconquista. King Sancho VII of Navarre won the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Moslems were crushed in the Spanish crusade. Peter II of Aragon defeats the Moors at Las Navas de Tolosa
1212 Peter II of Aragon defeats the Almohads in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. The Reconquista leads to the retreat of the Almohads from Spain (1225)
1212 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Spain, end of the Almohad rule in Spain. The Almohads suffer defeat by the Christians in Spain at the Las Navas de Tolosa. The Almohad SultanProphet Muhammad (pbuh)an-Nasir escapes to Morocco.
1213 Almohad Sultan Muhammad an-Nasir‘s death. Accession of his son Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph.
1213 -1288 Ibn al-NafisDamascus-born physician who worked in Cairo hospitals and produced the first recorded explanation of pulmonary circulation. But the mechanism remained largely unknown until William Harvey’s work in the early 1600s.
1214 In North Africa death of the AI Mohad ruler Al Nasir, accession of Al Mustansir. The Banu Marin under their leader Abdul Haq occupy the north eastern part of Morocco.
1215 Genghiz Khan captures northern China; learns the use of gunpowder from the Chinese.
1216 The Banu Marin under their leader Abdul Haq occupy north eastern part of Morocco. The AI Mohads suffer defeat by the Marinids at the battle of Nakur. The Banu Marin defeat the AI Mobads at the battle of Nakur.
1216 THE SIXTH CRUSADE (1216-1218)
1216 TheMarinidsunder their leader Abdul Haq occupy north easternpart of Morocco. TheAlmohadsuffer defeat by the Marinids at theBattle of Nakur.
1217 The Fifth Crusade begins, lasting until 1222. The crusaders set out to conquer Egypt in order that its grain supplies and troops will not be available to Muslim forces, who are becoming increasingly organized and centralized under a single ruler.
1217 The Marinids suffer defeat in the battle fought on the banks of the Sibu river. Abdul Haq is killed and the Marinids evacuate Morocco. In the battle of Sibu the Marinids suffer defeat; their leader Abdul Haq is killed and they evacuate Morocco.
1218 A Mongol army under ?? invades Turkestan (Semirechye “Seven Rivers”). The KhwarazmShah ‘Ala’ alDin Muhammad hads the envovs of Genghiz Khan killed in Otrar on the Jaxartes.
1218 Death of the Ayyubid ruler AI Adil, accession of AI Kamil. The Marinids return to Morocco under their leader Othman and occupy Fez.
1218 Genghis Khan captures Persian empire.
1218 Mongol merchants arrive at the Khwarazm city of Otrar. Suspicious of the traders, the governor of Otrar has them killed.
1218 -21 Invasion of Egypt by the Crusaders. They take Damietta and head for Cairo, but the sultan al-Kamil, son of al-Adil, finally repels them.
1218 -38 After the death of alMalik al’Adil, the Ayyubid empire divides into several states, AlMalik alKamil, Sultan of Egypt, initiates policy of coexistence with the Franks.
1218 A Mongol army under ?? invades Turkestan (Semirechye “Seven Rivers”). The KhwarazmShah ‘Ala’ alDinProphet Muhammad (pbuh)hads the envovs of Genghiz Khan killed in Otrar on the Jaxartes.
1218 Death of the Ayyubid ruler AI Adil, accession of AI Kamil. The Marinids return to Morocco under their leader Othman and occupy Fez.
1218 Genghis Khan captures Persian empire.
1218 Mongol merchants arrive at the Khwarazm city of Otrar. Suspicious of the traders, the governor of Otrar has them killed.
1219 onward– the MONGOLS!Under Chingiz (“Genghis”) Khan (c1165-1227), and then under his grandson Hulagu Khan (1217-65), the Mongols sweep down from Northern Asia and take Transoxiana and begin steadily conquering everything else in sight. Blood, ruin, pyramids of skulls, the worst catastrophe ever to hit the Muslim world.
1219 The Mongols conquer Bokhora.Genghis Khan’s destruction of irrigation in Afghanistan leads to permanent deserts in the area.The port of Damietta falls to the Crusaders.
1219 -20In retaliation, the Mongols invade Iran and the Middle East.
1219 Genghiz Khan invades the territories of Shah Muhammed of Khorasan.
1219 onward– the MONGOLS!Under Chingiz (“Genghis”) Khan (c1165-1227), and then under his grandson Hulagu Khan (1217-65), the Mongols sweep down from Northern Asia and take Transoxiana and begin steadily conquering everything else in sight. Blood, ruin, pyramids of skulls, the worst catastrophe ever to hit the Muslim world.
1219 The Mongols conquer Bokhora.Genghis Khan’s destruction of irrigation in Afghanistan leads to permanent deserts in the area.The port of Damietta falls to the Crusaders.
1220 Genghiz Khan devastates Central Asia.
1220 Death of theKhwarezmidShahMuhammad II of Khwarezm,accession of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu.
1220 – Mongol forces of Genghis Khan overrun Persia, which becomes part of the Ilkhanate, ruled by descendants of Genghis’ grandson Hulagu.
1220 al-Maghribi
1221 Genghiz Khan destroys Persia and Afghanistan. Mongols take over the Iranian empire of Khwarizm.
1222 The Fifth Crusade ends in failure. Egypt remains in Muslim hands.
1223 Death of the Al Mohad ruler Muntasir, accession of Abdul Wahid. Death of Yusuf AI Mustansir, accession of Abdul Wahid in Morocco.. In Spain a brother of Yusuf declares his independence and assumes the title of AI Adil. In Spain AbuMuhammad overthrows AI Adil. AI Adil escapes to Morocco and overthrows Abdul Wahid.
1222 Death of the Zangi ruler Nasir ud Din Mahmud, power captured by Badr ud Din Lulu.
1222 Genghiz Khan returns to Mongolia.
1223 Death of theAlmohadruler Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph, accessionof Abdul-Wahid I, Almohad Caliph. In Spain a brother of Yusuf II,Almohad Caliphdeclares his independence and assumes the title of AlAdil (Abdallah, Almohad Caliph). In SpainAbu Muhammad of Spain overthrows Al Adil. Al Adil escapes toMoroccoand overthrowsAbdul-Wahid I, Almohad Caliph.
1223 Ibn al Athir, celebrated historian, passes away.
1224 Death of theAlmohadruler Abd al-Wahid I, accession of Abdallah, Almohad Caliph.
1225 Death of the Abbasid Caliph AI Nasir, accession of AI Mustansir.
1225 –1226 Az-ZahirAbbasid Caliph in Baghdad
1225 Death of the Abbasid Caliph An-Nasir, accession of Az-Zahir.
1226 –1242 Al-MustansirAbbasid Caliph in Baghdad
1227 Death of the AI Mohad ruler Abdullah Adil, accession of Mustasim. Assassination of Al Adil, accession of his son Yahya who assumes the throne under the name of Al Mustasim.
1227 THE SEVENTH CRUSADE (1227-1229)
1227 Assassination of theAlmohadrulerAbdullah Adil, accession of his son, Yahya.
1227 Death of the AI Mohad ruler Abdullah Adil, accession of Mustasim. Assassination of Al Adil, accession of his son Yahya who assumes the throne under the name of Al Mustasim.
1229 Death of the AI Mohad ruler Mustasim, accession of Idris. The Ayyubid AI Kamil restores Jerusalem to the Christians. Abu Muhammad dies in Spain and is succeeded by Al Mamun. AI Mamun invades Morocco with Christian help. Yahya is defeated and power is captured by Al Mamun. He denies the Mahdiship of Ibn Tumarat.
1230 End of the Khawarzam Shah rule.
1232 Death of the AI Mohad ruler Idris, accession, of Abdul Wahid II. Assassination of Al Mamun; accession of his son Ar-Rashid.
1227 Genghis Khan dies on a campaign against the Tanguts. His sons divide the empire among themselves.
1228 Emperor Frederick II leads the Sixth Crusade, comparatively the most successful venture into Muslim lands since the first crusade in the late eleventh-century.
1228 the Hafsid dynasty takes over Tunisia
1228 The Almohad rulers of Tunisia establish the Hafsid dynasty.
1229 Death of the AI Mohad ruler Mustasim, accession of Idris. The Ayyubid AI Kamil restores Jerusalem to the Christians. Abu Muhammad dies in Spain and is succeeded by Al Mamun. AI Mamun invades Morocco with Christian
1229 The Almohads in Morocco renounce Tumart’s ideology and adopt the Sunni Maliki school of law
1229 The crusaders of the Sixth Crusade surround Jerusalem. Frederick II gains Jerusalem by diplomacy.Ogadai, son of Genghis Khan, is elected khan two years after Genghis Khan dies. He rules until 1241.
1229 Death of theAlmohadruler Yahya, accession of Idris I. TheAyyubid Al-Kamilrestores Jerusalemto the Christians.Abu Muhammadof Spaindies in Spain and is succeeded byAl Mamun of Spain. Al
1229 Al-Kamil delivers Jerusalem to the emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, arousing a storm of indignation in the Arab world.
1229 Death of the AI Mohad ruler Mustasim, accession of Idris. The Ayyubid AI Kamil restores Jerusalem to the Christians. Abu Muhammad dies in Spain and is succeeded by Al Mamun. AI Mamun invades Morocco with Christian help. Yahya is defeated and power is captured by Al Mamun. He denies the Mahdiship of Ibn Tumarat.
1229 Death of the AI Mohad ruler Mustasim, accession of Idris. The Ayyubid AI Kamil restores Jerusalem to the Christians.
1229 The crusaders of the Sixth Crusade surround Jerusalem. Frederick II gains Jerusalem by diplomacy.Ogadai, son of Genghis Khan, is elected khan two years after Genghis Khan dies. He rules until 1241.
1230 End of the Khawarzam Shah rule.1232
1230 Sundiata starts consolidation of the Empire of Mali.
1231 The Second Mongol Raids. Muslim cities are demolished.
1232 Death of theAlmohadrulerIdris I, accession, of Abdul Wahid II.Assassination of Al Mamun of Spain; accession of his sonAr-Rashid of Spain.
1234 Death of the Ayyubid ruler AI Kamil, accession of AI Adil.
1235 CE, 632 A.H King of Mali defeats King Sumanguru and Mali replaces Ghana. This year marked the fall of Ghana.
1235 Baba Fareed of Lahore becomes heads of the Chistiya order in India.
1236 Castilla takes Cordoba from the Almohads 1238 Aragona takes Valencia from the Almohads
1236 – 1255Batu Khan, grandson of Genghis, becomes the ruler of the Kipchak Khanate. He conquers Moscow, Hungary and Poland.
1236 Death of Delhi Sultan Iltutmish. Accession of Rukn ud Din Feroz Shah.
1236 Death of Khwaja Moeenuddin Chishti of Ajmer, the most celebrated awliya of the subcontinent.
1236 -40– Sultana Raziyya Iltutmish’s death in 1236 is followed by a succession struggle. His daughter Raziyya seizes power and struggles to keep it, but is later driven from the throne and killed
1236 Cordoba, capital of Muslim Spain, falls to the Crusaders. Razia rules as Queen of India.
1237 Accession of Razia Sultana as Delhi Sultan.
1239 as-Sayyid Muhyi ‘d-Din, Muhammad ibn ‘Abdillah ibn ‘Ali ibn Zuhrah al- Husayni al-Halabi (5661171–6361239) Shi‘ah jurist.
1240 End of the Empire of Ghana in Africa. The Kingdom of Mali absorbs it into its own political structure.
1240 Death of Ar-Rashid; accession of his son Abu Said.
1241 Death of Razia Sultana, accession of Bahram Shah.
1240 Death of Ibn al-‘Arabi (known as al-Sheikh al-Akbar ), a Sufi philosopher who was read from Spain to Sumatra, as far south as the Swahili coast and as far afield as modern-day Tatarstan.
1241 Mongols take the Punjab.
1242 Al Musta’sim becomes the 37th and the last Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad.
1242 Batu Khan establishes a Mongol kingdom (“The Golden Horde”) on the lower Volga River. The Mongols defeat the Seljuks of Rum.
1242 –1258 Al-Musta’simAbbasid Caliph in Baghdad
1242 accession of Al-Musta’sim.
1242 Death of Muiz uddin Bahram Shah, accession of Ala ud Din Masud Shah as Delhi Sultan. Death of the AI Mohad rules Abdul Wahid, accession of Abu Hasan. Death of the Abbasid Caliph Mustansir, accession of Mustasim.
1243 Egyptians recapture Jerusalem. The Christian occupational forces flee or are slaughtered.
1243 Death of the AI Mohad ruler Abdul Walid II, accession of
1244 The Al Mohads defeat the Marinids at the battle of Abu Bayash. The Marinids evacuate Morocco.
1243 Turkish nomads settle in Asia Minor.
1244 The Crusaders lose Jerusalem for the last time.
1244 The Almohad defeat the Marinids at the battle of Abu Bayash. The Marinids evacuate Morocco.
1245 THE EIGHTH CRUSADE (1245-1247)The Muslims reconquer Jerusalem.
1245 At the Council of Lyons, Christian Europe resolves to seek an alliance with the Mongols against the Muslims. A Franciscan priest, John de Plano Carpini, arrives at the Mongol court to seek military assistance.
1246 Death of the Delhi Sultan Ala ud Din Masud Shah, accession of Nasir ud Din Mahmud Shah.
1248 Death of the AI Mohad ruler Abul Hasan, accession of Omar Murtaza. Abu Said attacks Tlemsen, but is ambushed and killed; accession of his son Murtada.
1248 Death of the AI Mohad ruler Abul Hasan, accession of Omar Murtaza. Abu Said attacks Tlemsen, but is ambushed and killed; accession of his son Murtada.
1248 Ferdinand III of Castilla conquers Sevilla, capital of the Almohads, and the Almohads are left with the state of Granada
1248 Louis IX of France leads the Seventh Crusade.
1248 Seville in Spain falls to the Christians.Ibn Ahmar starts the Nasirid dynasty in Granada.
1248 -50 Invasion of Egypt by Louis IX, King of France, who is defeated and captured. Fall of the Ayyubid dynasty; replaced by the rule of the Mamluks.
1248 Death of the AI Mohad ruler Abul Hasan, accession of Omar Murtaza. Abu Said attacks Tlemsen, but is ambushed and killed; accession of his son Murtada.
1248 Death of the Almohad ruler Abu al-Hasan as-Said al-Mutadid, ambushed in an attack to Tlemcen. Accession of Umar, Almohad Caliph.
1248 Death of theAlmohadrulerAli, Almohad Caliph, accession of Umar, Almohad Caliph. Abu Said (??) attacks Tlemsen(??), but isambushed and killed; accession of his son Murtada.
1248 Muslim control in Spain is reduced to the Kingdom of Granada.
1248 Seville in Spain falls to the Christians.Ibn Ahmar starts the Nasirid dynasty in Granada.
1249 the Mamlukes defeat the French in Egypt and capture the king of France
1249 Louis IX takes the city of Damieta in Egypt.
1249 The Seventh Crusade, directed at Egypt by the Franks, is beaten back.
1250 The Alhambra is built in Granada
1250 Portugal conquers all the land west of the Guadiana river from the Almohads
1250 Saracens capture Louis IX in Egypt and ransom him to the crusaders.
1250 Shajarat al Durr rules as Queen of Egypt.
1250 The Mamluks of Egypt (Turkish “military slaves”) overthrow the sultan and install a woman, Shajar alDurr, widow of a former sultan, as the new sultan, thus terminating the Ayyubid dynasty and starting the Mamluk dynasty, and she is forced to marry Izz alDin Aybak and abdicate to him after just 80 days, while the Syrians under al Nasir reject her authority and declare their independence and obtain Jerusalem
1250 The Mamluks, slave-soldiers, rise to power in Egypt.
1250 The Marinids return to Morocco, and occupy a greatar part thereof.
1250 al-Samarqandi
1250 Saracens capture Louis IX in Egypt and ransom him to the crusaders.
1250 Shajarat al Durr rules as Queen of Egypt.
1250 The Mamluk Turks, former slaves in the Ayyubid army, establish their dynasty in Egypt.
1250 The Marinids return to Morocco, and occupy a greatar part thereof.
1251 Hulagu Khan becomes the Mongol lord of Persia and Central Asia.
1256 The grandson of Genghis, Hulegu rules the Il Khanate. Its seat is in Persia.
1256 Hulagu’s Mongol army destroy the Assassins’ castles
1256 al-Banna
1257 ShajaralDurr of Egypt is killed by the palace concubines after she murders Izz alDin Aybak
1258 Berke replaces his brother, Batu Khan as the ruler of the Kipchak Khanate. He converts to Islam.
1258 The Mongols sack Baghdad. Death of the Abbasid Caliph Mustasim. End of the Abbasid rule. Fall of Baghdad, end of the Abbasid caliphate. The Mongol II-Khans under Halaku establish their rule in Iran and Iraq with the capital at Maragah. Berek Khan the Muslim chief of the Golden Horde protests against the
treatment meted out to the Abbasid Caliph and withdraw his Contingent from Baghdad..
1259 – c.1304 Maragha Observatory One of the top three observatories in the Islamic world, this was built in Maragha in modern-day Iran. Astronomy was highly valued, partly for accurately predicting prayer-times and the Islamic lunar month. Maragha had a library of 400,000 books and a school of astronomy.
1259 the Mamluk commander Muzaffar SayfalDin KutuzQutuz seizes power in Egypt after Shajar is murdered
1259 Abu Abdullah the Hafsid ruler declares himself as the Caliph and assumes the name of AI Mustamir.
1260 Battle of Ayn Jalut in Syria. The Mongols are defeated by the Mamluks of Egypt, and the spell of the invincibility of the Mongols is broken. Baybars becomes the Mamluk Sultan.
1260 Kutuz is assassinated and succeeded by his general alMalik alZahir Rukn alDin Baybars as leader of Mamluk Egypt that turns EgyptSyria into the most powerful Islamic state
1260 al-Farisi
1260 Kublai Khan ascends the throne of China. Many capable Muslims work at the court of the Great Khan.
1260 Roger Bacon wrote down the formula for gun powder”Saltpetre VII parts, V parts charcoal and V parts sulphur. …with such a mixture you will produce a bright flash and a thundering noise, if you know the trick”. Similar information was known to the Chinese. It was not long before warfare depended on gunnery, which Islam rejected as not chivalrous.
1261 –1262 Al-Mustansir, Abbasid Caliph in Cairo
1261 The Mamlukes of Egypt install Al Mustansir as the Abbasid Caliph in Cairo.The Mamluke, Zahir Baybars of Egypt, defeats a combined army of Mongols, Armenians and Crusaders at the Battle of Ayn Jalut.
1262 Death of Bahauddin Zikriya in Multan who is credited with the introduction of the Suhrawardi Sufi order in the IndoPakistan sub-continent.
1266 Death of Berek Khan the first ruler of the Golden Horde to be converted to Islam. The eighth crusade. The crusaders invade Tunisia. Failure of the crusade.
1263 Barka Khan defeats Halaku Khan near River Tirak.(13 January)
1265 Death of Fariduddin Ganj Shakkar the Chishti saint of the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent.
1265 Hulegu dies and is succeeded by his son Abaka, who kills Berke in battle and moves the capital to Tabriz thus accelerating the decline of Baghdad
1265 The death of Hulegu. His successors include both Buddhists and Muslims
1266 Death of Berek Khan the first ruler of the Golden Horde to be converted to Islam. The eighth crusade. The crusaders invade Tunisia. Failure of the crusade.
1267 Malik ul Salih establishes the first Muslim state of Samudra Pasai in Indonesia. Murtada seeks the help of the Christians, and the Spaniards invade Morocco. The Marinids drive away the Spaniards from Morocco. Assassination of Murtada; accession of Abu Dabbas.
1267 Umar, Almohad Caliphseeks the help of the Christians,and the Spaniards invade Morocco.TheMarinidsdrive away theSpaniardsfrom Morocco. Assassination of Umar, Almohad Caliph;accession of Idris II, Almohad Caliph.
1268 Muslims from Egypt capture Antioch, held by the Christians.
1268 Baybars takes Antioch, which had been allied with the Mongols.
1269 collapse of the Almohad dynasty in Algeria and rise of the Marinids in Morocco
1269 Idris II, Almohad Caliphis overthrown by theMarinids, End of theAlmohad. The Marinids come to power in Morocco underAbu Yaqub
1269 Abu Dabbas is overthrown by the Marinida, End of the Al Mohads. End of the rule of the AI Mohads in Morocco, the Marinids come to power in Morocco under Abu Yaqub.
1270 King Louis IX of France dies of plague while on Crusade. His death leads quickly to the end of the Seventh Crusade.
1270 Earliest record of a Muslim scholar with a Southeast Asian name teaching in Arabia, namely Masud al-Jawi, fl. 1270s–1310s
1270 Death of Mansa Wali the founder of the Muslim rule in Mali.
1271 Marco Polo sets off with his father and uncle to visit the court of Kublai Khan–it is a twenty-four year trip.
1271 prince Edward of England allies with Abaka’s Mongols but they are defeated by Baybars’ Mamluks
1272 Death of Mohammed I ibn Nasr the founder of the Emirate of Granada. Yaghmurason invades Morocco but meets a reverse at the battle
1273 Death of Jalal al-Din Rumi (known also as Mawlana ), the Persian Sufi and gifted poet famous for his passionate ecstasies. Rumi founded the Mevlevi tariqah movement of Sufism, characterized by highly formalized whirling dances.c. 1300
1274 Death of Nasiruddin Tusi. The Marinids wrest Sijilmasa from the Zayenids. Ninth crusade under Edward I of England. The crusade ends in fiasco and Edward returns to England.
1275 Marco Polo enters the service of Kublai Khan.
1277 Sultan Baybars defeats the Mongol armies at the Battle of Abulistan.
1277 Death of Baybars.
1279 Qalaun succeeds Kutuz as leader of Mamluk Egypt
1280 Battle of Hims.
1281 -1923 OTTOMAN ERA – Reign of Uthman (Osman), who founds the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire spread from Anatolia into north Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and eastern and southern Europe.Muslim merchants and missionary Sufis settle in SE Asia.
1283 Death of Yaghmurasan. Accession of his son Othman.
1284 Al-Mansuri Qalawun hospital, CairoSpecialized institutions that treated disease for free and conducted research took root under Islamic rule, building on Roman efforts. The hospitals in Cairo and in Baghdad had wards for different illnesses. Clinicians took detailed case notes, which were collated into teaching manuals.
1285 Tunisis splits in Tunis and Bougie.
1286 Death of Ghiasuddin Balban. Death of Abu Yusuf Yaqub. Bughra Khan declares his independence in Bengal under the name of Nasiruddin.
1289 The mamluk sultan Qalawun takes Tripoli.
1289 The Mamlukes captures Acre, last Crusader stronghold in Syria.
1290 Turkish leader Firuz in Delhi founds the Khalji Dynasty.
1290 Sultan Malik Shah rules in Sumatra.
1290 End of the slave dynasty Jalaluddin Khilji comes into power. Othman embarks on a career of conquest and by 1290 C.E. most of the Central Maghreb is conquered by the Zayanids.
1291 Saadi.
1290 Uthman, a Turkish frontier warrior, proclaims independence from the Seljuks in Anatolia.
1291 Death of Iranian poet Shaykh Saadi, well known Farsi poet.
1291 the last Christian stronghold in Palestine (Acre) falls to the Mamluks
1291 The sultan Khalil, son of Qalawun, takes Acre, putting an end to two centuries of Crusader presence in the Orient.
1291 Death of Iranian poetSaadi.
1291 Muslim armies capture Acre, the last Christian holdings in Palestine. This marks the end of successful crusades. Scots acknowledge English king as suzerain (Edward I). He oversees process of succession to the Scottish throne.
1292 Marco Polo reports the Islamization of Ferlec (i.e., Perlak in North Sumatra), ca. 1292.
1296 –Mongolruler Alauddin Ghazan Khanconverted to Islam.
1297 The death of the first Muslim leader in Sumatra (Indonesia).
1299 Assassination of Lajeen.
1299 C.E. The earliest Ottoman state is formed in Anatolia, Turkey.
1299 Mongols invade Syria. The Marinids besiege Tlemcen, the capital of the Ziyyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 7 per cent of the total.
1299 –MongolsinvadeSyria. TheMarinidsbesiege Tlemsenthe capitalof theZayanids. By the end of this century, global Muslim populationhad grown to 7 per cent of the total
1299 Uthman becomes the first leader of the Ottoman state.